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This range of ideologies, and their areas of contestation, came sharply to the fore in the NETmundial Conference held in San Paulo in April 2014. Contesting perceptions hold that this dominant ideology does not address the relationship between the control of these resources with the concept of the larger public good, or even public utility. The dominant ideology, promoted by the United States, is that of “free and open” Internet-free from all regulations and government control (except of course those regulations and controls imposed by the United States itself, such as copyright and prohibitions on online gambling). So Internet governance, in the broadest sense, means not only the actual layers that provide the communication system, but also the services-all the transactions that are performed by using the application layer that runs on the cloud computing systems on the Internet as well as on our computers.īut there are contesting ideologies that drive different perceptions of the issues salient to Internet governance. 3 It is this combination of services and infrastructure that affects us. Not surprisingly, the development of the Internet has been compared to the communication revolution ushered in by the printing press. Each of these has enormous social significance. The Internet today has become the global marketplace, the repository of knowledge, the global media, and an essential means of communication.

Separately, there are the computers (including tablets, smart phones, and other intelligent devices) through which we connect to the Internet. They comprise the whole range of services that are provided by Internet companies when we log online. While these are elements that constitute the basic infrastructure of the Internet, the functions that the Internet performs are much wider. Governance then would involve control and regulation of all the elements that constitute the Internet, including its telecommunications layer. In this larger view, the telecommunications network on which the Internet services run would also be a part of the Internet.

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In this view Internet governance relates to the control over the resources that makes these interconnections possible: critical Internet resources such as domain names, IP addresses (equivalent to telephone numbers in the telephone system), and the protocols through which the communications takes place.Ī larger view of the Internet would add to this narrow view of interconnections the complex of networks and the different pieces of software and hardware that run the entire infrastructure. There is the narrow technical view of the Internet as the interconnection of various networks. 2 In addition, there are several ways of looking at Internet infrastructure and hence its governance.

On the other hand, it is a broad collection of services and applications. On the one hand, the Internet is an infrastructure. If we talk of Internet governance, we need to understand what it is we are governing. 1 How did monopolies on such a scale happen, and happen so quickly? Does it have to do with the nature of the Internet? Or its architecture and governance?

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What does this mean, for instance, for the plurality of media voices? We know that Internet advertising revenue in the United States, having previously overtaken the print media, has now overtaken even TV network advertising revenues.

A case in point: instead of the democratizing potential of the Internet, a few global corporations have created monopolies that are much bigger than those we have seen before, and this has happened in just two decades. But the potential-providing a megaphone to everybody who wants to speak, to provide a TV studio in every home-has not been fully realized. They reorder society as a whole, as well as relations between society and individuals. For those who have only a hazy idea of how the Internet functions, it is particularly difficult to translate their concerns-freedom of speech, privacy, social and economic justice, and protecting and advancing democratic rights-to Internet governance.Įveryone agrees that digital technologies, including the Internet, are transformative technologies. The authors would like to thank Richard Hill and Felicity Ruby for their comments and help in writing this article.Īfter the Snowden revelations, Internet governance has emerged from relative obscurity, involving only a small technical community, to occupy the center stage of human rights discourse and international relations. Prabir Purkayastha (prabirp ) and Rishab Bailey (rishab.bailey ) are associated with the Knowledge Commons collective, New Delhi and with the Just Net Coalition.